The Results of the Norman Invasion on Anglo Saxon Garden Design
The Results of the Norman Invasion on Anglo Saxon Garden Design The introduction of the Normans in the 2nd half of the 11th century irreparably improved The Anglo-Saxon lifestyle. The talent of the Normans surpassed the Anglo-Saxons' in architecture and agriculture at the time of the conquest. But the Normans had to pacify the overall territory before they could concentrate on home life, domestic architecture, and decoration. Most often constructed upon windy summits, castles were fundamental structures that permitted their inhabitants to devote time and space to offensive and defensive programs, while monasteries were rambling stone buildings frequently installed in only the most fecund, broad valleys. The sterile fortresses did not provide for the calm avocation of farming. The early Anglo-Norman style of architecture is exemplified in Berkeley Castle, which is perhaps the most unscathed illustration we have. The keep is said to date from William the Conqueror's time. A significant terrace serves as a deterrent to intruders who would try to mine the walls of the building. On one of these parapets is a scenic bowling green covered in grass and surrounded by an aged hedge of yew that has been designed into coarse battlements.Where did Large Outdoor Fountains Begin?
Where did Large Outdoor Fountains Begin?
A fountain, an amazing piece of engineering, not only supplies drinking water as it pours into a basin, it can also launch water high into the air for a noteworthy effect. From the beginning, outdoor fountains were simply there to serve as functional elements. Cities, towns and villages made use of nearby aqueducts or springs to provide them with drinking water as well as water where they could bathe or wash. Until the late 19th, century most water fountains functioned using the force of gravity to allow water to flow or jet into the air, therefore, they needed a source of water such as a reservoir or aqueduct located higher than the fountain. Serving as an element of adornment and celebration, fountains also provided clean, fresh drinking water. The main components used by the Romans to create their fountains were bronze or stone masks, mostly illustrating animals or heroes. During the Middle Ages, Muslim and Moorish garden designers included fountains in their designs to re-create the gardens of paradise. The fountains found in the Gardens of Versailles were meant to show the power over nature held by King Louis XIV of France. To mark the entrance of the restored Roman aqueducts, the Popes of the 17th and 18th centuries commissioned the building of baroque style fountains in the spot where the aqueducts entered the city of Rome
Indoor plumbing became the main source of water by the end of the 19th century thereby restricting urban fountains to mere decorative elements. Gravity was replaced by mechanical pumps in order to permit fountains to bring in clean water and allow for amazing water displays.
These days, fountains adorn public spaces and are used to pay tribute to individuals or events and fill recreational and entertainment needs.
Contemporary Sculpture in Old Greece
Contemporary Sculpture in Old Greece Most sculptors were remunerated by the temples to enhance the intricate columns and archways with renderings of the gods until the stage came to a close and countless Greeks began to think of their religion as superstitious rather than sacred, when it became more typical for sculptors to portray ordinary men and women as well. Portraiture, which would be recognized by the Romans upon their annexation of Greek civilization became conventional as well, and wealthy family members would often commission a portrayal of their forebears to be placed in enormous familial tombs.
During the years of The Greek Classical period, a time of artistic development, the use of sculpture and many other art forms changed, so it is inaccurate to say that the arts served merely one purpose. It may possibly be the advanced quality of Greek sculpture that captivates our attention these days; it was on a leading-edge practice of the classic world regardless of whether it was established for religious reasons or aesthetic pleasure.
From Where Did Water Fountains Originate?
From Where Did Water Fountains Originate?
Himself a highly educated man, Pope Nicholas V headed the Roman Catholic Church from 1397 till 1455 and was responsible for the translation of hundreds of age-old documents from their original Greek into Latin. It was imperative for him to embellish the city of Rome to make it worthy of being called the capital of the Christian world. At the bidding of the Pope, the Aqua Vergine, a damaged aqueduct which had carried clean drinking water into Rome from eight miles away, was restored starting in 1453. The historical Roman custom of marking the entry point of an aqueduct with an magnificent celebratory fountain, also known as a mostra, was restored by Nicholas V. At the bidding of the Pope, architect Leon Battista Alberti began the construction of a wall fountain in the spot where we now find the Trevi Fountain. The Trevi Fountain as well as the renowned baroque fountains found in the Piazza del Popolo and the Piazza Navona were eventually supplied with water from the modified aqueduct he had reconstructed.