The Outcome of the Norman Invasion on Anglo-Saxon Landscaping
The Outcome of the Norman Invasion on Anglo-Saxon Landscaping
The Anglo-Saxon way of life was significantly changed by the arrival of the Normans in the later eleventh century. At the time of the conquest, the Normans surpassed the Anglo-Saxons in building design and cultivation. However, there was no time for home life, domesticated design, and adornment until the Normans had overcome the whole region. Most often designed upon windy summits, castles were straightforward structures that enabled their occupants to devote time and space to offensive and defensive schemes, while monasteries were rambling stone buildings frequently installed in only the most fecund, broad valleys. The calm practice of gardening was unlikely in these dismal bastions. Berkeley Castle is most likely the most unchanged model in existence today of the early Anglo-Norman style of architecture. It is said that the keep was introduced during William the Conqueror's time. As a method of deterring assailants from tunneling beneath the walls, an immense terrace surrounds the building. A scenic bowling green, covered in grass and bordered by battlements cut out of an ancient yew hedge, makes one of the terraces.
Archaic Greek Artwork: Outdoor Statuary
Archaic Greek Artwork: Outdoor Statuary The primitive Greeks developed the 1st freestanding statuary, an awesome achievement as most sculptures up until then had been reliefs cut into walls and pillars. Most of these freestanding sculptures were what is known as kouros figures, statues of young, attractive male or female (kore) Greeks. The kouroi, viewed by the Greeks to portray beauty, had one foot stretched out of a fixed forward-facing pose and the male figurines were regularly nude, with a strong, powerful shape. In around 650 BC, the differences of the kouroi became life-sized. The Archaic period was an extraordinary time of change for the Greeks as they grew into new forms of government, produced unique expressions of art, and achieved information of the men and women and cultures outside of Greece.
During this time and other times of historic tumult, clashes often occurred, including battles fought amongst city-states such as the Arcadian wars and the Spartan infiltration of Samos.
What Are Fountains Crafted From?
What Are Fountains Crafted From? Though they come in alternative materials, today’s garden fountains tend to be made of metal. Metallic fountains, with their clean lines and sculptural accents, come in in a range of metals and can accommodate any style or budget. It is essential that your landscape design reflects the style of your home.A common choice today is copper, and it is used in the making of many sculptural garden fountains. Copper fountains are the best choice because they are perfect for the inside and outside. Another advantage of copper fountains is they are versatile and come in a wide assortment of styles.
Also common, brass fountains generally have a more old-fashioned look to them versus their copper counterpart. Though not the most modern, the creatures and sculptural features you find on fountains are mostly made of brass, thus making them very popular.
The most contemporary metal right now is definitely stainless steel. Adding a modern-looking steel design will immediately add value to your garden and enhance the overall atmosphere. Like all water fountains, you can get them in just about any size you want.
Fiberglass fountains are well liked because they look similar to metal but are more affordable and much less cumbersome to move around. Keeping a fiberglass water fountain clean and working well is quite simple, another aspect consumers like.
Free Water Fountains in Berkley, Ca
Free Water Fountains in Berkley, Ca
The first implementation of a sugary drinks tax in the USA came in February 2014, when it was passed by the city of Berkley, California. By taxing sugary drinks, the city hopes to motivate more people to go with healthier choices, such as water. First, the city conducted research to evaluate whether residents had proper access to functioning drinking water fountains. Via content amassed by a mobile GPS app, professionals were able to determine the state of active water fountains in Berkley. The US Census Community Study database was chosen to compile information relating to race and economic status in these areas. The two data sets were compared to figure out what class disparities, if any, there were in access to operating water fountains. They were able to uncover the demographics of locations surrounding existing fountains, as well as the cleanliness and upkeep of fountains across different neighborhoods. The tidiness of numerous fountains was found poor, even if most were operating.
The Original Garden Fountain Designers
The Original Garden Fountain Designers Water fountain designers were multi-talented people from the 16th to the late 18th century, often working as architects, sculptors, artists, engineers and cultivated scholars all in one person. Exemplifying the Renaissance skilled artist as a imaginative master, Leonardo da Vinci worked as an inventor and scientific specialist. He carefully documented his findings in his now famed notebooks about his research into the forces of nature and the qualities and movement of water. Converting private villa settings into ingenious water displays complete with symbolic interpretation and natural wonder, early Italian water feature designers paired imagination with hydraulic and horticultural ability. The humanist Pirro Ligorio brought the vision behind the splendors in Tivoli and was recognized for his virtuosity in archeology, architecture and garden concepts. Other water feature developers, masterminding the incredible water marbles, water attributes and water antics for the various estates in the vicinity of Florence, were tried and tested in humanist topics and time-honored scientific texts.
The Dispersion of Water Fountain Design Knowledge
The Dispersion of Water Fountain Design Knowledge Contributing to the advancement of scientific technology were the published papers and illustrated publications of the day. They were also the primary method of transmitting practical hydraulic facts and fountain design ideas throughout Europe. An unnamed French water fountain designer became an globally renowned hydraulic innovator in the later part of the 1500's. By creating landscapes and grottoes with incorporated and ingenious water features, he started off his profession in Italy by earning Royal commissions in Brussels, London and Germany.
In France, towards the end of his life, he wrote “The Principle of Moving Forces”, a book which became the fundamental text on hydraulic mechanics and engineering. Replacing vital hydraulic advancements of classical antiquity, the book also details modern hydraulic technologies. The water screw, a mechanical means to move water, and devised by Archimedes, was showcased in the book. An ornamental fountain with the sun heating up the water in two containers stashed in a neighboring area was displayed in one illustration. The hot liquid expands and then rises and shuts the water pipes thereby activating the water fountain. Yard ponds as well as pumps, water wheels, and water feature styles are talked about in the publication.
The Father Of Roman Water Feature Design And Style
The Father Of Roman Water Feature Design And Style There are many renowned water fountains in Rome’s city center.
One of the most distinguished sculptors and artists of the 17th century, virtually all of them were planned, conceived and constructed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini. He was also a city architect, in addition to his abilities as a fountain engineer, and remnants of his life's work are noticeable all through the avenues of Rome. Bernini's father, a renowned Florentine sculptor, mentored his young son, and they ultimately moved to Rome, in order to fully express their art, primarily in the form of public water fountains and water features. The young Bernini was an great employee and earned encouragement and backing of important painters as well as popes. At the start he was celebrated for his sculptural abilities. Working effortlessly with Roman marble, he made use of a base of knowledge in the ancient Greek architecture, most notably in the Vatican. He was influenced by many great artists, however, Michelangelo had the biggest impact on his work.