The Influence of the Norman Conquest on Anglo Saxon Garden Design
The Influence of the Norman Conquest on Anglo Saxon Garden Design The Anglo-Saxon way of life was significantly changed by the appearance of the Normans in the later eleventh century. The Normans were much better than the Anglo-Saxons at architecture and horticulture when they came into power. But before concentrating on home-life or having the occasion to think about domestic architecture or decoration, the Normans had to subjugate an entire society.
Monasteries and castles served different purposes, so while monasteries were large stone structures built in only the most fruitful, wide dales, castles were set upon blustery knolls where the residents focused on learning offensive and defensive tactics. The serene practice of gardening was unlikely in these bleak bastions. Berkeley Castle, maybe the most pristine model of the early Anglo-Norman style of architecture, still exists now. The keep is said to date from the time of William the Conqueror. A monumental terrace serves as a deterrent to intruders who would try to mine the walls of the building. On one of these terraces sits a quaint bowling green: it is covered in grass and flanked by an old yew hedge that is formed into the shape of rough ramparts.
How Mechanical Designs And Styles of Water Fountains Spread
How Mechanical Designs And Styles of Water Fountains Spread The circulated reports and illustrated publications of the time contributed to the evolution of scientific technology, and were the primary methods of transmitting useful hydraulic facts and water feature ideas throughout Europe. In the late 1500's, a French fountain developer (whose name has been lost) was the globally recognized hydraulics innovator.
His experience in designing landscapes and grottoes with integrated and imaginative water attributes began in Italy and with mandates in Brussels, London and Germany. The text, “The Principles of Moving Forces,” penned near the end of his lifetime in France, became the definitive text on hydraulic mechanics and engineering. The publication modified crucial hydraulic breakthroughs since classical antiquity as well as describing contemporary hydraulic technologies. Archimedes, the inventor of the water screw, had his work highlighted and these integrated a mechanical way to move water. Natural light warmed the liquid in two undetectable vessels adjacent to the decorative water feature were shown in an illustration. The hot water expands and subsequently ascends and closes the water lines thereby triggering the water feature. Models for pumps, water wheels, water attributes and garden ponds are also covered in the book.
Where did Large Outdoor Fountains Originate from?
Where did Large Outdoor Fountains Originate from? A water fountain is an architectural piece that pours water into a basin or jets it high into the air in order to supply drinkable water, as well as for decorative purposes.Originally, fountains only served a functional purpose. Residents of urban areas, townships and small towns utilized them as a source of drinking water and a place to wash up, which meant that fountains had to be connected to nearby aqueduct or spring. Used until the 19th century, in order for fountains to flow or shoot up into the air, their source of water such as reservoirs or aqueducts, had to be higher than the water fountain in order to benefit from the power of gravity. Artists thought of fountains as wonderful additions to a living space, however, the fountains also served to supply clean water and honor the designer responsible for creating it. Bronze or stone masks of animals and heroes were frequently seen on Roman fountains.
Muslims and Moorish garden designers of the Middle Ages included fountains to re-create smaller models of the gardens of paradise. The fountains found in the Gardens of Versailles were supposed to show the power over nature held by King Louis XIV of France. To mark the entryway of the restored Roman aqueducts, the Popes of the 17th and 18th centuries commissioned the construction of baroque style fountains in the spot where the aqueducts entered the city of Rome
Indoor plumbing became the key source of water by the end of the 19th century thereby restricting urban fountains to mere decorative elements. Gravity was substituted by mechanical pumps in order to permit fountains to bring in clean water and allow for amazing water displays.
Decorating city parks, honoring people or events and entertaining, are some of the functions of modern-day fountains.
Modern Water Fountains And Public Policy
Modern Water Fountains And Public Policy The first example of a soda tax in the US came in February 2014, when it was passed by the city of Berkley, California. The tax is believed to minimize sugary drink intake and boost the consumption of healthier drinks, like water from fountains. First, the city conducted research to assess whether citizens had proper access to functioning drinking water fountains. By developing a mobile GPS application, experts were able to get data on Berkley’s drinking water fountains. The US Census Community Study database was employed to collect information pertaining to race and economic status in these segments.
The experts sought to use both data sets to figure out if demographics were linked to drinking water fountain access. The surrounding demographics of each water fountain location was made note of, while also deciding whether race or income levels made a difference in the state of repair of each individual fountain. Some of the water fountains were filthy or slow or stopped up, in spite of the fact that most fountains worked.