Outdoor Water Fountains And Public Policy
Outdoor Water Fountains And Public Policy The 1st US city to pass a tax on high calorie drinks was Berkley, California in February 2014. The goal is to have everyone drinking more water and other natural beverages by increasing the cost of soda and other sugar-sweetened drinks. Research was conducted to find out the status of local drinking water fountains and whether individuals from other racial or economic backgrounds had reduced availability to them. By creating a mobile GPS application, analysts were able to get data on Berkley’s drinking water fountains.
This information was cross-referenced with demographic records on race and income acquired from the US Census Community Study database. By cross-referencing the water fountain locations with the demographic data, they were able to establish whether access to working fountains was class dependent. They were in a position to confirm the demographics of regions surrounding existing fountains, as well as the cleanliness and upkeep of fountains across different neighborhoods. While the bulk of the fountains were in working order, an escalating quantity were discovered to be in a bad state of repairs.
Contemporary Garden Decoration: Outdoor Fountains and their Beginnings
Contemporary Garden Decoration: Outdoor Fountains and their Beginnings The amazing or decorative effect of a fountain is just one of the purposes it fulfills, in addition to providing drinking water and adding a decorative touch to your property.From the beginning, outdoor fountains were soley there to serve as functional elements. People in cities, towns and villages received their drinking water, as well as water to bathe and wash, via aqueducts or springs in the vicinity.
Up to the late nineteenth century, water fountains had to be near an aqueduct or reservoir and more elevated than the fountain so that gravity could make the water move downwards or shoot high into the air. Artists thought of fountains as amazing additions to a living space, however, the fountains also served to provide clean water and celebrate the artist responsible for building it. Roman fountains usually depicted imagery of animals or heroes made of metal or stone masks. During the Middle Ages, Muslim and Moorish garden designers included fountains in their designs to re-create the gardens of paradise. To demonstrate his dominance over nature, French King Louis XIV included fountains in the Garden of Versailles. To mark the entrance of the restored Roman aqueducts, the Popes of the 17th and 18th centuries commissioned the construction of baroque style fountains in the spot where the aqueducts arrived in the city of Rome
Indoor plumbing became the key source of water by the end of the 19th century thereby restricting urban fountains to mere decorative elements. Gravity was replaced by mechanical pumps in order to permit fountains to bring in clean water and allow for amazing water displays.
Modern-day fountains function mostly as decoration for community spaces, to honor individuals or events, and enhance entertainment and recreational events.
Rome, Gian Bernini, And Public Fountains
Rome, Gian Bernini, And Public Fountains There are numerous renowned water fountains in Rome’s city center.
One of the greatest sculptors and designers of the 17th century, Gian Lorenzo Bernini designed, conceptualized and constructed nearly all of them. He was also a city designer, in addition to his expertise as a water fountain developer, and remnants of his life's work are evident all through the streets of Rome. A famous Florentine sculptor, Bernini's father mentored his young son, and they ultimately transferred to Rome to fully showcase their artwork, mainly in the form of community water fountains and water features. The young Bernini earned compliments from Popes and influential artists alike, and was an exceptional employee. At first he was well known for his sculpting skills. An authority in classic Greek engineering, he used this knowledge as a base and melded it seamlessly with Roman marble, most famously in the Vatican. Though he was influenced by many, Michelangelo had the most serious impact on him, both personally and professionally.
Rome’s Ingenious Water Transport Solutions
Rome’s Ingenious Water Transport Solutions Aqua Anio Vetus, the first raised aqueduct built in Rome, started off providing the individuals living in the hills with water in 273 BC, even though they had depended on natural springs up till then. When aqueducts or springs weren’t accessible, people dwelling at higher elevations turned to water removed from underground or rainwater, which was made possible by wells and cisterns. Beginning in the sixteenth century, a new method was introduced, using Acqua Vergine’s subterranean sectors to generate water to Pincian Hill. Pozzi, or manholes, were constructed at regular stretches along the aqueduct’s channel. The manholes made it less demanding to maintain the channel, but it was also achievable to use buckets to extract water from the aqueduct, as we viewed with Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi when he possessed the property from 1543 to 1552, the year he passed away. Although the cardinal also had a cistern to amass rainwater, it couldn't produce sufficient water. Thankfully, the aqueduct sat below his residence, and he had a shaft opened to give him accessibility.