Aqueducts: The Answer to Rome's Water Problems
Aqueducts: The Answer to Rome's Water Problems Rome’s first elevated aqueduct, Aqua Anio Vetus, was built in 273 BC; before that, people residing at higher elevations had to rely on natural streams for their water. Outside of these aqueducts and springs, wells and rainwater-collecting cisterns were the sole technological innovations available at the time to supply water to areas of greater elevation.
In the very early 16th century, the city began to use the water that ran below the ground through Acqua Vergine to supply water to Pincian Hill. Pozzi, or manholes, were engineered at standard stretches along the aqueduct’s channel. The manholes made it less demanding to maintain the channel, but it was also possible to use buckets to remove water from the aqueduct, as we saw with Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi when he owned the property from 1543 to 1552, the year he died. The cistern he had made to gather rainwater wasn’t adequate to meet his water demands. That is when he decided to create an access point to the aqueduct that ran below his residential property.
Anglo Saxon Landscapes at the Time of the Norman Conquest
Anglo Saxon Landscapes at the Time of the Norman Conquest
The introduction of the Normans in the second half of the eleventh century considerably altered The Anglo-Saxon ways of living. Engineering and gardening were skills that the Normans excelled in, trumping that of the Anglo-Saxons at the time of the occupation. Still, home life, household architecture, and decoration were out of the question until the Normans taken over the general population. Because of this, castles were cruder constructions than monasteries: Monasteries were often important stone buildings set in the biggest and most fertile valleys, while castles were erected on windy crests where their residents dedicated time and space to tasks for offense and defense. Peaceful pastimes such as gardening were out of place in these desolate citadels. The early Anglo-Norman style of architecture is symbolized in Berkeley Castle, which is most likely the most untouched example we have. The keep is said to date from the time of William the Conqueror. A massive terrace serves as a deterrent to invaders who would try to mine the walls of the building. A scenic bowling green, enveloped in grass and enclosed by battlements cut out of an ancient yew hedge, creates one of the terraces.
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