Acqua Vergine: The Remedy to Rome's Water Challenges
Acqua Vergine: The Remedy to Rome's Water Challenges With the construction of the first elevated aqueduct in Rome, the Aqua Anio Vetus in 273 BC, folks who lived on the city’s foothills no longer had to be dependent only on naturally-occurring spring water for their needs. If residents living at higher elevations did not have access to springs or the aqueduct, they’d have to rely on the remaining existing systems of the day, cisterns that accumulated rainwater from the sky and subterranean wells that received the water from below ground. From the early sixteenth century, water was routed to Pincian Hill by way of the underground channel of Acqua Vergine.
Through its original building and construction, pozzi (or manholes) were installed at set intervals along the aqueduct’s channel. Even though they were originally designed to make it possible to support the aqueduct, Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi began using the manholes to accumulate water from the channel, opening when he purchased the property in 1543. He didn’t get adequate water from the cistern that he had manufactured on his property to obtain rainwater. That is when he made the decision to create an access point to the aqueduct that ran beneath his residential property.
The Defining Characteristics of Ancient Greek Statuary
The Defining Characteristics of Ancient Greek Statuary Archaic Greeks were renowned for providing the first freestanding statuary; up till then, most carvings were made out of walls and pillars as reliefs. For the most part the statues, or kouros figures, were of young and attractive male or female (kore) Greeks. The kouroi, considered by the Greeks to portray beauty, had one foot stretched out of a fixed forward-facing posture and the male figurines were always unclothed, with a compelling, strong physique. The kouroi became life-sized beginning in 650 BC. Throughout the Archaic time, a big time of change, the Greeks were evolving new sorts of government, expressions of art, and a deeper understanding of people and cultures outside Greece.
During this time and other durations of historic tumultuousness, encounters often took place, most notably wars fought between city-states such as the Arcadian wars and the Spartan invasion of Samos.
Contemporary Garden Decor: Fountains and their Beginnings
Contemporary Garden Decor: Fountains and their Beginnings The incredible construction of a fountain allows it to provide clean water or shoot water high into air for dramatic effect and it can also serve as an excellent design feature to complement your home.
Originally, fountains only served a functional purpose. Inhabitants of urban areas, townships and small towns used them as a source of drinking water and a place to wash up, which meant that fountains needed to be connected to nearby aqueduct or spring. Used until the nineteenth century, in order for fountains to flow or shoot up into the air, their source of water such as reservoirs or aqueducts, had to be higher than the water fountain in order to benefit from gravity. Artists thought of fountains as wonderful additions to a living space, however, the fountains also served to supply clean water and honor the artist responsible for creating it. The main materials used by the Romans to build their fountains were bronze or stone masks, mostly depicting animals or heroes. To illustrate the gardens of paradise, Muslim and Moorish garden planners of the Middle Ages introduced fountains to their designs. King Louis XIV of France wanted to demonstrate his dominion over nature by including fountains in the Gardens of Versailles. To mark the entrance of the restored Roman aqueducts, the Popes of the 17th and 18th centuries commissioned the construction of baroque style fountains in the spot where the aqueducts arrived in the city of Rome
Indoor plumbing became the key source of water by the end of the 19th century thereby limiting urban fountains to mere decorative elements. Fountains using mechanical pumps instead of gravity allowed fountains to bring recycled water into living spaces as well as create unique water effects.
Modern-day fountains serve mostly as decoration for open spaces, to honor individuals or events, and enhance entertainment and recreational events.
The Many Construction Materials of Outdoor Garden Fountains
The Many Construction Materials of Outdoor Garden Fountains Although they come in alternative materials, today’s garden fountains tend to be made of metal. Metallic fountains, with their clean lines and sculptural accents, exist in in a range of metals and can accommodate any style or budget. Your landscaping should complement the style of your residence.One of the most common metals for sculptural garden fountains these days is copper.
Copper fountains are the ideal option because they are perfect for the inside and outside. Another benefit of copper fountains is they are versatile and come in a wide variety of styles.
Brass water fountains are also popular, though they tend to have a more classic look than copper ones. Though not the most stylish, the creatures and sculptural features you find on fountains are mostly made of brass, thus making them very popular.
Perhaps the most contemporary of all metals is stainless steel. Adding a modern-looking steel design will immediately add value to your garden and enhance the overall mood. As with all fountains, you can get any size you choose.
Because it is both lighter and cheaper than metal but has a nearly identical look, fiberglass is quite common for fountains. It is not complicated to clean and maintain a fiberglass water fountain, yet another reason they are popular.
The Circulation of Outdoor Garden Fountain Manufacturing Knowledge in Europe
The Circulation of Outdoor Garden Fountain Manufacturing Knowledge in Europe
Throughout Europe, the primary means of spreading useful hydraulic understanding and fountain design suggestions were the circulated papers and illustrated publications of the day, which added to the advancement of scientific technology. In the later part of the 1500's, a French water fountain architect (whose name has been lost) was the internationally recognized hydraulics leader. His know-how in designing gardens and grottoes with built-in and imaginative water fountains began in Italy and with mandates in Brussels, London and Germany. He penned a book entitled “The Principles of Moving Forces” toward the conclusion of his lifetime while in France which turned into the basic tome on hydraulic technology and engineering. The book modified important hydraulic advancements since classical antiquity as well as describing modern day hydraulic technologies. Archimedes, the inventor of the water screw, had his work showcased and these integrated a mechanical means to move water. Two undetectable containers heated up by sunlight in a room next to the creative water fountain were presented in an illustration. The heated water expands and subsequently ascends and closes the pipes consequently activating the water fountain. The publication furthermore includes garden ponds, water wheels, water feature designs.
Creators of the First Outdoor Fountains
Creators of the First Outdoor Fountains Water fountain designers were multi-talented people from the 16th to the late 18th century, often serving as architects, sculptors, artists, engineers and cultivated scholars all in one person. Exemplifying the Renaissance skilled artist as a innovative legend, Leonardo da Vinci performed as an innovator and scientific specialist.
He carefully reported his examinations in his now celebrated notebooks about his studies into the forces of nature and the properties and motion of water. Ingenious water exhibits loaded of symbolic significance and all-natural charm changed private villa settings when early Italian fountain designers coupled resourcefulness with hydraulic and gardening skill. Known for his virtuosity in archeology, architecture and garden design, Pirro Ligorio, the humanist, delivered the vision behind the wonders in Tivoli. Other water feature engineers, masterminding the incredible water marbles, water attributes and water jokes for the countless mansions in the vicinity of Florence, were well-versed in humanistic subject areas and time-honored scientific readings.