Hydro-Statics & Outside: The Fundamentals
Hydro-Statics & Outside: The Fundamentals From its housing vessel to other materials it comes in contact with, liquid in equilibrium applies force on every single thing it touches. There exist two kinds of force, hydrostatic energies and external forces. When pressing against a level wall, the fluid applies equal force at different points on the wall. All points on an object’s exterior are affected by vertical pressure when the object is totally submerged in a liquid that’s in a state of equilibrium. This is also understood as buoyancy or the Archimedes’ principle. Liquid acted on by hydrostatic force is then subject to hydrostatic pressure at the point of contact. These concepts are applied to the containers used by plumbing, wells, and fountains.
Modern Garden Decor: Garden Fountains and their Beginnings
Modern Garden Decor: Garden Fountains and their Beginnings The incredible construction of a fountain allows it to provide clean water or shoot water high into air for dramatic effect and it can also serve as an excellent design feature to enhance your home. The central purpose of a fountain was originally strictly practical. Inhabitants of urban areas, townships and small towns used them as a source of drinking water and a place to wash, which meant that fountains had to be linked to nearby aqueduct or spring. Up until the nineteenth, fountains had to be higher and closer to a water supply, such as aqueducts and reservoirs, in order to benefit from gravity which fed the fountains. Fountains were an optimal source of water, and also served to adorn living areas and memorialize the artist. Animals or heroes made of bronze or stone masks were often times used by Romans to beautify their fountains. During the Middle Ages, Muslim and Moorish garden designers included fountains in their designs to mimic the gardens of paradise. The fountains seen in the Gardens of Versailles were meant to show the power over nature held by King Louis XIV of France. The Popes of the 17th and 18th centuries were extolled with baroque style fountains constructed to mark the arrival points of Roman aqueducts.
Since indoor plumbing became the norm of the day for fresh, drinking water, by the end of the 19th century urban fountains were no longer needed for this purpose and they became purely ornamental. Amazing water effects and recycled water were made possible by switching the force of gravity with mechanical pumps.
Nowadays, fountains adorn public spaces and are used to recognize individuals or events and fill recreational and entertainment needs.
Archaic Greek Artistry: Garden Statuary
Archaic Greek Artistry: Garden Statuary
Archaic Greeks were known for creating the first freestanding statuary; up till then, most carvings were constructed out of walls and pillars as reliefs. Kouros figures, sculptures of adolescent, attractive male or female (kore) Greeks, made up the greater part of the sculptures. The kouroi, considered by the Greeks to represent beauty, had one foot extended out of a fixed forward-facing pose and the male statues were always undressed, with a strong, sturdy build. The kouroi became life-sized beginning in 650 BC. The Archaic period was an extraordinary time of change for the Greeks as they expanded into new modes of government, created unique expressions of art, and attained insights of the men and women and cultures outside of Greece. The Arcadian conflicts, the Spartan invasion of Samos, and other wars between city-states are instances of the kinds of battles that arose commonly, which is consistent with other times of historical transformation.
Water Transport Solutions in Historic Rome
Water Transport Solutions in Historic Rome Prior to 273, when the very first elevated aqueduct, Aqua Anio Vetus, was established in Roma, citizens who dwelled on hillsides had to go even further down to get their water from natural sources. When aqueducts or springs weren’t available, people dwelling at higher elevations turned to water drawn from underground or rainwater, which was made possible by wells and cisterns. In the very early sixteenth century, the city began to utilize the water that flowed underground through Acqua Vergine to provide drinking water to Pincian Hill. Spanning the length of the aqueduct’s channel were pozzi, or manholes, that gave entry. During the roughly nine years he owned the property, from 1543 to 1552, Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi made use of these manholes to take water from the channel in buckets, though they were actually established for the function of maintaining and servicing the aqueduct. He didn’t get an adequate amount water from the cistern that he had established on his property to gather rainwater. Through an orifice to the aqueduct that flowed under his property, he was set to meet his water needs.