California's Outdoor Fountains Study and Results
California's Outdoor Fountains Study and Results The first example of a sugary drinks tax in the US came in February 2014, when it was passed by the city of Berkley, California. The purpose is to have individuals drinking more water and other natural drinks by elevating the cost of soda and other sugar-sweetened drinks.
First, the city conducted an analysis to assess whether people had easy access to working drinking water fountains. Through information amassed by a mobile GPS app, experts were able to establish the condition of active water fountains in Berkley. Specialists then used US Census data to find out more about the economic and racial elements that affected the city. By cross-referencing the water fountain sites with the demographic information, they were able to establish whether access to working fountains was class dependent. The analysis was able to establish the demographics of areas with water fountains, also noting whether the state of the fountains was greater or worse in lower class neighborhoods. The fact that the fountains were working was not a guarantee that they were well-maintained, since quite a few were in need of cleaning and repair.
Early Water Supply Techniques in The City Of Rome
Early Water Supply Techniques in The City Of Rome Rome’s first elevated aqueduct, Aqua Anio Vetus, was built in 273 BC; before that, people living at higher elevations had to rely on natural springs for their water. Outside of these aqueducts and springs, wells and rainwater-collecting cisterns were the only techniques around at the time to supply water to spots of high elevation.
In the early sixteenth century, the city began to use the water that ran beneath the earth through Acqua Vergine to deliver drinking water to Pincian Hill. The aqueduct’s channel was made reachable by pozzi, or manholes, that were placed along its length when it was initially created. Though they were originally developed to make it possible to support the aqueduct, Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi started out using the manholes to gather water from the channel, commencing when he bought the property in 1543. He didn’t get sufficient water from the cistern that he had manufactured on his property to collect rainwater. To provide himself with a much more effective system to gather water, he had one of the manholes opened, providing him access to the aqueduct below his property.
Modern Garden Decoration: Outdoor Fountains and their Roots
Modern Garden Decoration: Outdoor Fountains and their Roots The dramatic or ornamental effect of a fountain is just one of the purposes it fulfills, in addition to delivering drinking water and adding a decorative touch to your property.
The central purpose of a fountain was originally strictly practical. Cities, towns and villages made use of nearby aqueducts or springs to supply them with potable water as well as water where they could bathe or wash. Until the late nineteenth, century most water fountains functioned using gravity to allow water to flow or jet into the air, therefore, they needed a supply of water such as a reservoir or aqueduct located higher than the fountain. Artists thought of fountains as amazing additions to a living space, however, the fountains also served to provide clean water and celebrate the artist responsible for building it. Roman fountains often depicted images of animals or heroes made of metal or stone masks. During the Middle Ages, Muslim and Moorish garden designers included fountains in their designs to mimic the gardens of paradise. Fountains played a considerable role in the Gardens of Versailles, all part of French King Louis XIV’s desire to exercise his power over nature. The Romans of the 17th and 18th centuries created baroque decorative fountains to exalt the Popes who commissioned them as well as to mark the location where the restored Roman aqueducts entered the city.
Indoor plumbing became the key source of water by the end of the 19th century thereby limiting urban fountains to mere decorative elements. Fountains using mechanical pumps instead of gravity allowed fountains to provide recycled water into living spaces as well as create special water effects.
Modern fountains are used to embellish community spaces, honor individuals or events, and enrich recreational and entertainment events.
Agrippa's Astonishing, but Mostly Forgotten Water-Lifting Device
Agrippa's Astonishing, but Mostly Forgotten Water-Lifting Device
Regrettably, Agrippa’s wonderful design for lifting water was not referred to much following 1588, when Andrea Bacci acknowledged it publicly. It may be that in 1592 when Rome’s most recent conduit, the Acqua Felice, set about providing the Villa Medici, there was simply no longer a great deal usage for the unit. Even though its triumph was passing, Camillo Agrippa’s concept for lifting water was the marvel of its day, surpassing everything built in Italy since the days of ancient Rome. Renaissance gardens of the later part of the 16th century happened to be home to works such as melodious water fountains, scenographic water presentations and water caprices (giochi d’acqua), but these weren’t brimming with water in ways which violated gravitation itself.
The City Of Rome, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, And Statuary Fountains
The City Of Rome, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, And Statuary Fountains In Rome’s city center, there are many famous water fountains. Nearly all of them were planned, conceived and constructed by one of the greatest sculptors and artists of the 17th century, Gian Lorenzo Bernini. His abilities as a fountain designer and also as a city designer, are obvious throughout the streets of Rome. Bernini's father, a renowned Florentine sculptor, guided his young son, and they finally transferred in Rome, to fully show their art in the form of public water features and water fountains. The young Bernini earned encouragement from Popes and influential artists alike, and was an diligent employee. His sculpture was originally his claim to popularity.
An expert in historical Greek engineering, he utilized this knowledge as a platform and melded it gracefully with Roman marble, most notably in the Vatican. Though a variety of artists impacted his artistic endeavors, Michelangelo inspired him the most.
The Fundamentals of Hydrostatics
The Fundamentals of Hydrostatics When in equilibrium, liquid delivers energy to its container or any other material it comes in contact with. There are two forms, hydrostatic load or outside forces.
The liquid applies the exact amount of force to the various spots that it comes in contact with, provided that the surface is level. All points on an object’s surface are affected by vertical pressure when the object is entirely submerged in a liquid that’s in a state of equilibrium. We refer to this concept as Archimedes’ principle, which deals with the forces of buoyancy. When hydrostatic force is applied on an area of liquid, this becomes hydrostatic pressure. Examples of these containers can be uncovered in the manner in which a city circulates water, along with its fountains and artesian wells.