The Results of the Norman Invasion on Anglo Saxon Gardens
The Results of the Norman Invasion on Anglo Saxon Gardens The introduction of the Normans in the later half of the eleventh century substantially modified The Anglo-Saxon ways of living. Engineering and gardening were attributes that the Normans excelled in, trumping that of the Anglo-Saxons at the time of the occupation.
But before focusing on home-life or having the occasion to think about domestic architecture or decoration, the Normans had to subjugate an entire population. Most often built upon windy summits, castles were fundamental structures that allowed their occupants to devote time and space to offensive and defensive strategies, while monasteries were rambling stone buildings frequently placed in only the most fecund, broad valleys. Relaxing pursuits such as gardening were out of place in these destitute citadels. Berkeley Castle, perhaps the most uncorrupted model of the early Anglo-Norman style of architecture, still exists today. The keep is reported to have been developed during the time of William the Conqueror. As a strategy of deterring assailants from tunneling underneath the walls, an immense terrace surrounds the building. One of these terraces, a charming bowling green, is covered grass and flanked by an ancient yew hedge trimmed into the figure of crude battlements.
A Short History of the First Water Fountains
A Short History of the First Water Fountains Water fountains were at first practical in purpose, used to convey water from rivers or creeks to cities and villages, providing the residents with clean water to drink, wash, and prepare food with. In the years before electricity, the spray of fountains was powered by gravity alone, commonly using an aqueduct or water supply located far away in the surrounding mountains. Inspiring and spectacular, prominent water fountains have been crafted as monuments in most societies. If you saw the 1st fountains, you wouldn't recognize them as fountains. A natural stone basin, crafted from rock, was the first fountain, used for containing water for drinking and ceremonial functions. The original stone basins are thought to be from about 2000 BC. Gravity was the energy source that operated the earliest water fountains. Situated near reservoirs or creeks, the functional public water fountains furnished the local citizens with fresh drinking water. Fountains with flowery decoration started to show up in Rome in approx. 6 BC, usually gods and animals, made with stone or copper-base alloy. The impressive aqueducts of Rome furnished water to the incredible public fountains, most of which you can visit today.The Origins Of Wall Fountains
The Origins Of Wall Fountains A water fountain is an architectural piece that pours water into a basin or jets it high into the air in order to provide drinking water, as well as for decorative purposes.The central purpose of a fountain was originally strictly functional. Water fountains were connected to a spring or aqueduct to supply potable water as well as bathing water for cities, townships and villages. Until the late 19th, century most water fountains functioned using the force of gravity to allow water to flow or jet into the air, therefore, they needed a supply of water such as a reservoir or aqueduct located higher than the fountain.
Designers thought of fountains as wonderful additions to a living space, however, the fountains also served to supply clean water and honor the designer responsible for creating it. Roman fountains usually depicted images of animals or heroes made of metal or stone masks. To depict the gardens of paradise, Muslim and Moorish garden planners of the Middle Ages added fountains to their designs. King Louis XIV of France wanted to demonstrate his superiority over nature by including fountains in the Gardens of Versailles. The Popes of the 17th and 18th centuries were glorified with baroque style fountains built to mark the arrival points of Roman aqueducts.
The end of the 19th century saw the rise in usage of indoor plumbing to provide drinking water, so urban fountains were relegated to purely decorative elements. Impressive water effects and recycled water were made possible by switching the force of gravity with mechanical pumps.
These days, fountains adorn public areas and are used to recognize individuals or events and fill recreational and entertainment needs.
Public Drinking Fountains in Berkley, California
Public Drinking Fountains in Berkley, California In February 2014, a charge on sugar-sweetened beverages was enacted in Berkley, CA, making it the first city in the United States to bring in such a regulation. The tax is supposed to reduce sugary drink intake and improve the consumption of healthier drinks, including water from fountains. Research was executed to find out the reputation of local drinking water fountains and whether individuals from other racial or economical backgrounds had reduced availability to them. The study utilized a GPS app to gather data on existing water fountains in the city. This info was cross-referenced with demographic information on race and income collected from the US Census Community Study database. The 2 data sets were reviewed to identify what class differences, if any, there were in access to running water fountains. They were in a position to confirm the demographics of areas surrounding active fountains, as well as the tidiness and upkeep of fountains across different areas.
While the majority of the fountains were in working order, an alarming number were uncovered to be in a poor state of repairs.