How Technical Concepts of Fountains Spread

How Technical Concepts of Fountains Spread Dissiminating useful hydraulic knowledge and water fountain design ideas all through Europe was accomplished with the printed documents and illustrated books of the time. An un-named French fountain designer was an internationally celebrated hydraulic leader in the late 1500's. With imperial mandates in Brussels, London and Germany, he began his work in Italy, building experience in garden design and grottoes with built-in and imaginative water hydraulics. The publication, “The Principles of Moving Forces,” written towards the end of his life in France, became the definitive text on hydraulic mechanics and engineering. Classical antiquity hydraulic breakthroughs were detailed as well as revisions to essential classical antiquity hydraulic advancements in the book. Dominant among these works were those of Archimedes, the creator of the water screw, a mechanized means of transferring water. Sunlight heating up water in a pair of vessels hidden in a room adjacent to an ornamental water fountain was shown in one illustration. What occurs is the hot water expanded, goes up and closes up the conduits leading to the water fountain, and thus leading to stimulation. Technical Concepts Fountains Spread 8589029296183695475.jpg

Technical Concepts Fountains Spread 8589029296183695475.jpg

Designs for pumps, water wheels, water features and garden ponds are also covered in the book.

Acqua Vergine: The Answer to Rome's Water Challenges

Acqua Vergine: The Answer to Rome's Water Challenges Aqua Anio Vetus, the first raised aqueduct assembled in Rome, started off providing the men and women living in the hills with water in 273 BC, though they had relied on natural springs up till then. If residents residing at higher elevations did not have access to springs or the aqueduct, they’d have to depend on the other existing systems of the time, cisterns that accumulated rainwater from the sky and subterranean wells that drew the water from below ground. In the very early 16th century, the city began to utilize the water that ran beneath the earth through Acqua Vergine to furnish water to Pincian Hill. As originally constructed, the aqueduct was provided along the length of its channel with pozzi (manholes) constructed at regular intervals. The manholes made it easier to thoroughly clean the channel, but it was also achievable to use buckets to remove water from the aqueduct, as we observed with Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi when he possessed the property from 1543 to 1552, the year he passed away. Though the cardinal also had a cistern to accumulate rainwater, it couldn't produce enough water. By using an opening to the aqueduct that ran below his property, he was able to fulfill his water needs.

Aspects of Outdoor Sculpture in Archaic Greece

Aspects of Outdoor Sculpture in Archaic Greece Aspects Outdoor Sculpture Archaic Greece 781916481615371.jpg

The initial freestanding statuary was designed by the Archaic Greeks, a recognized achievement since until then the only carvings in existence were reliefs cut into walls and columns. Most of these freestanding sculptures were what is known as kouros figures, statues of young, attractive male or female (kore) Greeks. Regarded as by Greeks to characterize beauty, the kouroi were structured into stiff, forward facing positions with one foot outstretched, and the male statues were usually nude, well-built, and athletic. In 650 BC, life-size forms of the kouroi began to be seen. The Archaic period was an awesome time of transformation for the Greeks as they grew into new modes of government, formed fresh expressions of art, and achieved knowledge of the men and women and cultures outside of Greece. During this time and other times of historic tumultuousness, clashes often happened, including wars fought amongst city-states such as the Arcadian wars and the Spartan infiltration of Samos.