Anglo Saxon Grounds During the Norman Conquest
Anglo Saxon Grounds During the Norman Conquest The Anglo-Saxon way of life was significantly changed by the appearance of the Normans in the later eleventh century. Architecture and gardening were attributes that the Normans excelled in, trumping that of the Anglo-Saxons at the time of the occupation.
But there was no time for home life, domesticated architecture, and adornment until the Normans had conquered the whole region. Monasteries and castles served different purposes, so while monasteries were massive stone structures assembled in only the most fruitful, wide dales, castles were set upon blustery knolls where the residents focused on understanding offensive and defensive tactics. The bare fortresses did not provide for the peaceful avocation of farming. Berkeley Castle, maybe the most unspoiled model of the early Anglo-Norman style of architecture, still exists now. It is said that the keep was developed during William the Conqueror's time. As a strategy of deterring assailants from tunneling within the walls, an immense terrace surrounds the building. A scenic bowling green, covered in grass and surrounded by battlements clipped out of an ancient yew hedge, forms one of the terraces.
A Chronicle of Outdoor Fountains
A Chronicle of Outdoor Fountains Hundreds of classic Greek texts were translated into Latin under the auspices of the scholarly Pope Nicholas V, who led the Roman Catholic Church from 1397 to 1455. Embellishing Rome and making it the worthy capital of the Christian world was at the heart of his ambitions. Beginning in 1453, the ruined ancient Roman aqueduct known as the Aqua Vergine which had brought clean drinking water into the city from eight miles away, underwent reconstruction at the behest of the Pope. A mostra, a monumental dedicatory fountain built by ancient Romans to mark the point of entry of an aqueduct, was a custom which was revived by Nicholas V. The Trevi Fountain now occupies the space formerly filled with a wall fountain built by Leon Battista Albert, an architect commissioned by the Pope. The aqueduct he had refurbished included modifications and extensions which eventually enabled it to supply water to the Trevi Fountain as well as the renowned baroque fountains in the Piazza del Popolo and the Piazza Navona.The Circulation of Garden Water Fountains Engineering Knowledge in Europe
The Circulation of Garden Water Fountains Engineering Knowledge in Europe Dissiminating practical hydraulic facts and water fountain design ideas all through Europe was accomplished with the written papers and illustrated publications of the time.
An internationally celebrated leader in hydraulics in the late 1500's was a French fountain engineer, whose name has been lost to history. By creating gardens and grottoes with incorporated and clever water attributes, he started off his occupation in Italy by earning Royal commissions in Brussels, London and Germany. “The Principles of Moving Forces”, a book that became the fundamental text on hydraulic technology and engineering, was authored by him toward the end of his lifetime in France. Modernizing vital hydraulic advancements of classical antiquity, the book also highlights modern hydraulic technologies. Notable among these works were those of Archimedes, the inventor of the water screw, a mechanical means of transferring water. Sunlight warmed the liquid in a pair of concealed vessels next to the decorative fountain were displayed in an illustration. What occurs is the hot liquid expanded, goes up and locks up the conduits heading to the water fountain, and thus leading to stimulation. Designs for pumps, water wheels, water attributes and outdoor ponds are also included in the book.
Contemporary Garden Decor: Fountains and their Beginnings
Contemporary Garden Decor: Fountains and their Beginnings
A fountain, an incredible piece of engineering, not only supplies drinking water as it pours into a basin, it can also propel water high into the air for a noteworthy effect. From the beginning, outdoor fountains were simply meant to serve as functional elements. Residents of urban areas, townships and small towns utilized them as a source of drinking water and a place to wash, which meant that fountains had to be connected to nearby aqueduct or spring. Used until the 19th century, in order for fountains to flow or shoot up into the air, their origin of water such as reservoirs or aqueducts, had to be higher than the water fountain in order to benefit from gravity. Fountains were an excellent source of water, and also served to decorate living areas and celebrate the artist. The main materials used by the Romans to create their fountains were bronze or stone masks, mostly depicting animals or heroes. During the Middle Ages, Muslim and Moorish garden designers included fountains in their designs to re-create the gardens of paradise. Fountains enjoyed a considerable role in the Gardens of Versailles, all part of French King Louis XIV’s desire to exert his power over nature. Seventeen and 18 century Popes sought to extol their positions by including decorative baroque-style fountains at the point where restored Roman aqueducts arrived into the city.
Indoor plumbing became the key source of water by the end of the 19th century thereby restricting urban fountains to mere decorative elements. Gravity was substituted by mechanical pumps in order to permit fountains to bring in clean water and allow for beautiful water displays.
Decorating city parks, honoring people or events and entertaining, are some of the uses of modern-day fountains.
Outdoor Water Fountains Lost to History
Outdoor Water Fountains Lost to History Water fountains were initially practical in function, used to bring water from rivers or springs to cities and hamlets, supplying the inhabitants with fresh water to drink, bathe, and prepare food with. A supply of water higher in elevation than the fountain was needed to pressurize the movement and send water squirting from the fountain's nozzle, a system without equal until the later half of the 19th century. The elegance and spectacle of fountains make them ideal for historical memorials. The common fountains of modern times bear little similarity to the very first water fountains. A natural stone basin, carved from rock, was the 1st fountain, used for containing water for drinking and ceremonial functions. 2,000 BC is when the earliest identified stone fountain basins were used. The spray of water emerging from small jets was pressured by gravity, the lone power source builders had in those days. These ancient water fountains were designed to be functional, commonly situated along aqueducts, creeks and waterways to furnish drinking water. The people of Rome began constructing decorative fountains in 6 BC, most of which were bronze or natural stone masks of animals and mythological representations.
A well-designed system of reservoirs and aqueducts kept Rome's public fountains supplied with fresh water.