How Mechanical Designs And Styles of Fountains Spread

How Mechanical Designs And Styles of Fountains Spread The published reports and illustrated books of the day contributed to the evolution of scientific technology, and were the primary means of spreading practical hydraulic concepts and water fountain suggestions throughout Europe. An internationally renowned leader in hydraulics in the late 1500's was a French fountain engineer, whose name has been lost to history. With imperial mandates in Brussels, London and Germany, he began his career in Italy, building knowledge in garden design and grottoes with integrated and imaginative water features. The publication, “The Principles of Moving Forces,” penned near the end of his life in France, became the definitive writing on hydraulic mechanics and engineering. The publication modified important hydraulic breakthroughs since classical antiquity as well as describing modern hydraulic technologies. The water screw, a technical means to move water, and developed by Archimedes, was featured in the book. An decorative fountain with sunlight heating up the liquid in two containers hidden in a nearby area was displayed in one illustration. The hot liquid expands and subsequently ascends and shuts the pipes consequently triggering the water fountain. Designs for pumps, water wheels, water features and outdoor ponds are also mentioned in the publication.

Anglo-Saxon Landscapes During the Norman Conquest

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Anglo-Saxon Landscapes During the Norman Conquest The Anglo-Saxon way of life was considerably changed by the introduction of the Normans in the later eleventh century. At the time of the conquest, the Normans surpassed the Anglo-Saxons in building design and cultivation. However, there was no time for home life, domestic architecture, and adornment until the Normans had overcome the whole region. Monasteries and castles served separate functions, so while monasteries were enormous stone structures constructed in only the most productive, wide dales, castles were set upon blustery knolls where the residents focused on learning offensive and defensive tactics. Gardening, a quiet occupation, was unfeasible in these unproductive fortifications. The purest specimen of the early Anglo-Norman style of architecture existent in modern times is Berkeley Castle. The keep is said to date from William the Conqueror's time. An enormous terrace encompasses the building, serving as an obstruction to assailants attempting to dig under the castle walls. One of these terraces, a charming bowling green, is covered grass and flanked by an ancient yew hedge cut into the shape of crude battlements.

The Godfather Of Roman Fountains

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In Rome’s city center, there are countless celebrated public fountains. One of the greatest sculptors and artists of the 17th century, Gian Lorenzo Bernini fashioned, conceptualized and built almost all of them. Marks of his life's efforts are apparent throughout the streets of Rome because, in addition to his skills as a water feature designer, he was additionally a city builder. Bernini's father, a renowned Florentine sculptor, mentored his young son, and they ultimately moved to Rome, in order to fully express their art, primarily in the form of public water fountains and water features. The young Bernini received encouragement from Popes and relevant artists alike, and was an diligent worker. At the beginning he was known for his sculptural abilities. An expert in ancient Greek architecture, he used this knowledge as a base and melded it gracefully with Roman marble, most remarkably in the Vatican. He was affected by many a great artists, however, Michelangelo had the biggest impact on his work.