Outdoor Fountains And Public Policy

Outdoor Fountains And Public Policy Berkley, CA residents voted for a sugar-sweetened beverages tax in February 2014, the first of its kind in the United States. By taxing sugary drinks, the city hopes to motivate more people to select healthier options, such as water. Efforts were made to find out the condition of local drinking water fountains in both high- and low-income neighborhoods. Information on the city’s drinking water fountains were pulled together using a GPS created exclusively for the research. Demographic data on race and earnings was then assembled using the US Census database. Evaluations were made between the location and demographic data, revealing whether class differences affected access to clean, working water fountains. They were in a position to confirm the demographics of locations surrounding existing fountains, as well as the tidiness and upkeep of fountains across various areas. Many of the water fountains were not clean or blocked, regardless of the fact that the majority of fountains worked.

How Technical Concepts of Water Fountains Spread

How Technical Concepts of Water Fountains Spread The circulated papers and illustrated publications of the time contributed to the development of scientific technology, and were the primary means of dissiminating useful hydraulic information and water fountain ideas all through Europe. In the later part of the 1500's, a French fountain architect (whose name has been lost) was the internationally recognized hydraulics leader. By developing landscapes and grottoes with integrated and ingenious water attributes, he began his occupation in Italy by receiving imperial commissions in Brussels, London and Germany. He penned a publication titled “The Principles of Moving Forces” toward the conclusion of his lifetime while in France that became the fundamental tome on hydraulic technology and engineering. Replacing principal hydraulic breakthroughs of classical antiquity, the publication also details modern hydraulic technologies. As a mechanical means to push water, Archimedes devised the water screw, key among crucial hydraulic breakthroughs. Sunlight heated up the water in a pair of hidden containers adjacent to the ornamental fountain were displayed in an illustration. The heated liquid expands and then rises and shuts the water pipes thereby triggering the fountain. Pumps, water wheels, water attributes and backyard pond concepts are covered in the text.

Acqua Vergine: The Answer to Rome's Water Challenges

Acqua Vergine: The Answer to Rome's Water Challenges Aqua Anio Vetus, the first raised aqueduct built in Rome, commenced providing the many people living in the hills with water in 273 BC, though they had relied on natural springs up till then. If citizens residing at higher elevations did not have access to springs or the aqueduct, they’d have to be dependent on the remaining existing solutions of the day, cisterns that compiled rainwater from the sky and subterranean wells that received the water from below ground. To furnish water to Pincian Hill in the early sixteenth century, they implemented the new tactic of redirecting the circulation from the Acqua Vergine aqueduct’s underground network. The aqueduct’s channel was made accessible by pozzi, or manholes, that were situated along its length when it was 1st constructed. The manholes made it easier to maintain the channel, but it was also possible to use buckets to pull water from the aqueduct, as we discovered with Cardinal Marcello Crescenzi when he owned the property from 1543 to 1552, the year he passed away. Acqua Vergine: Answer Rome's Water Challenges 509811604315117.jpg

Acqua Vergine: Answer Rome's Water Challenges 509811604315117.jpg

It appears that, the rainwater cistern on his property wasn’t enough to fulfill his needs. Through an opening to the aqueduct that flowed underneath his property, he was able to fulfill his water wants.

Outdoor Public Fountains Recorded by History

Outdoor Public Fountains Recorded by History Water fountains were initially practical in purpose, used to deliver water from canals or springs to cities and hamlets, providing the inhabitants with clean water to drink, wash, and cook with. Outdoor Public Fountains Recorded History 5662518778373302.jpg

Outdoor Public Fountains Recorded History 5662518778373302.jpg

In the years before electric power, the spray of fountains was powered by gravity only, often using an aqueduct or water source located far away in the surrounding mountains. The elegance and spectacle of fountains make them ideal for traditional memorials. If you saw the very first fountains, you would not recognize them as fountains. A natural stone basin, crafted from rock, was the very first fountain, utilized for holding water for drinking and spiritual functions. Stone basins as fountains have been discovered from 2,000 BC. The spray of water emerging from small spouts was pressured by gravity, the lone power source builders had in those days. Positioned near aqueducts or springs, the functional public water fountains supplied the local population with fresh drinking water. Wildlife, Gods, and religious figures dominated the initial decorative Roman fountains, beginning to appear in about 6 BC. Water for the public fountains of Rome was delivered to the city via a intricate system of water aqueducts.